Swim Bladder Disorders in Fish

In the realm of aquarium fish care, ensuring the health and well-being of your aquatic companions takes precedence. One commonly encountered issue is Popeye, also known as exophthalmia, characterized by the swelling of one or both eyes. While treating this condition can be challenging, it’s remarkably simple to prevent with the right knowledge and care.

Identifying Popeye in Fish

Popeye in fish is marked by the protrusion of one or both eyes, which gives it the distinctive “popeye” moniker. The affected eye’s outer surface may appear white or cloudy. Popeye can be categorized as unilateral, affecting only one eye, or bilateral, affecting both eyes.

Understanding the Pathology of Popeye in Fish

The swelling of a fish’s eye in Popeye occurs when tissue fluid leaks into the area behind the eyeball. As this fluid accumulates, it exerts pressure, pushing the fish’s eyeball outward. In addition, Popeye often coincides with opportunistic bacterial infections. The cloudiness in the fish’s eye results from damage to the cornea, the transparent layer covering the pupil.

Popeye in fish is most commonly the result of prolonged exposure to chronically poor water conditions rather than acutely lethal ones. As a result, Popeye is frequently observed in overcrowded aquariums or those with infrequent water changes. It’s no surprise that this condition is prevalent in aquariums housing messy fish, particularly goldfish and large cichlids.

Distinguishing Unilateral from Bilateral Popeye in Fish

While bilateral Popeye is often a reaction to poor aquarium water conditions, unilateral Popeye may result from physical damage to the fish. In both cases, improving water quality in the aquarium is vital for the fish to recover. However, unilateral Popeye may necessitate additional considerations. Physical damage to the fish’s eye can result from rough handling, collisions, failed predation attempts, and aggression between fish.

Approaches to Treating Popeye in Fish

Popeye in fish poses a unique treatment challenge, as it involves three distinct sets of problems. Firstly, there is the issue of corneal damage. Secondly, there’s the accumulation of fluid behind the fish’s eyeball. Finally, there is the risk of opportunistic bacterial infection.

Minor corneal damage can improve over time with optimal water conditions and a balanced, vitamin-rich diet. Swelling of the fish’s eye will gradually diminish under the same conditions. Using Epsom salt at a dose of 1 to 3 teaspoons per 5 gallons of water can help reduce swelling. It’s worth noting that Epsom salt can be used in both freshwater and saltwater aquariums, but it’s most effective in a quarantine tank rather than the main display aquarium.

For bacterial infections, antibiotics and antibacterials similar to those used for fin rot can be useful in preventing corneal damage from progressing into full-blown Popeye. However, once Popeye has developed, different medications are required, preferably administered in the fish’s food rather than added to the water.

The Prognosis for Fish with Popeye

With prompt treatment and a conducive environment, Popeye in fish can improve over time. It takes weeks or even months for the swelling to subside, and corneal damage can be slow to heal. In severe cases, the fish’s eye may never fully recover, and in extreme situations, the eye may deteriorate and detach from the fish. Blindness in one eye, however, does not significantly incapacitate fish, although visually hunting carnivorous fish may face some challenges. Keeping such fish away from aggressive competitors and using forceps for feeding can be helpful.

Since Popeye is often a consequence of poor aquarium conditions, affected fish may also suffer from other health issues. While Popeye alone is unlikely to be fatal, it can contribute to other problems, such as septicemia and Hexamita infections.

Preventing Popeye in Fish

Preventing Popeye in fish primarily revolves around maintaining optimal water quality. Nitrate levels above 20 mg/l are indicative of overstocking, overfeeding, or insufficient water changes, factors that make Popeye more likely.

To prevent physical damage to fish eyes, avoid clumsy handling and use fish nets carefully. Some fish, especially nervous species, are more prone to injuring their eyes when alarmed, such as by bumping into abrasive rocks or aquarium walls. Mix fish species cautiously to avoid clashes that could lead to injuries.

Lastly, consider the lighting in your aquarium. Turning on the lights abruptly can startle fish and cause them to thrash about, potentially injuring themselves. Ensure a gradual transition in lighting to avoid such issues.

Conclusion

In conclusion, preventing and treating Popeye in aquarium fish requires vigilance in maintaining water quality, handling fish with care, and paying attention to lighting. By following these guidelines, you can provide your fish with a healthy and safe environment, minimizing the risk of this condition.

Betta fish, often known for their feisty and territorial nature, are typically considered solitary creatures. However, the idea that they can’t have tank mates is not entirely accurate. While it’s true that male bettas can be aggressive, especially towards other males, there are several compatible tank mates that can coexist peacefully with your betta. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the 10 best and most compatible betta fish tank mates to enhance your aquarium’s diversity and beauty.

What Fish Can Live With Bettas?

When considering tank mates for your betta, it’s crucial to ensure that they share similar water conditions and habitats. Here are some top recommendations for betta fish tank mates:

1. Snails

Minimum tank size: 5 gallons

Snails, particularly mystery snails, are excellent companions for bettas. They contribute to the cleanliness of your tank by consuming algae and leftover food. These docile creatures also possess hard shells that offer protection when your betta becomes curious. Consider nerite snails, known for their intriguing shell patterns, to add an aesthetic touch to your aquarium.

2. Shrimps

Minimum tank size: 10 gallons

Ghost shrimp and red cherry shrimp are great choices to coexist with bettas. They serve as diligent members of your aquarium’s cleanup crew, ensuring that no food goes to waste. These shrimp species thrive in the presence of live plants, making them an interesting addition to your tank’s ecosystem.

3. African Dwarf Frogs

Minimum tank size: 10 gallons or more

African dwarf frogs are an ideal choice because they interact minimally with bettas. They prefer living in small groups and enjoy exploring their surroundings. Unlike bettas, they have lungs instead of gills, surfacing periodically to breathe. Ensure they receive adequate food, as bettas may outcompete them for food.

4. Corydoras Catfish

Minimum tank size: 10 gallons or more

Corydoras catfish make perfect additions to a community betta tank. They are non-aggressive, easy to care for, and reside at the bottom of the tank. It’s best to keep them in groups of at least five individuals for their well-being. There are numerous corydoras species available, so choose one that suits your tank size, such as the petite panda cory.

5. Neon and Ember Tetras

Minimum tank size: 15 gallons

Tetras, known for their shoaling behavior, thrive when kept in groups of at least six. They primarily occupy the midwater region, minimizing interactions with bettas who tend to stay near the top. Their small size and preference for horizontal swimming spaces make them compatible companions.

6. Harlequin Rasboras

Minimum tank size: 10 gallons

Similar to tetras, rasboras are gentle, peaceful fish that prefer to keep to themselves. They are also shoaling fish and do best in groups of five to eight. While they are not brightly colored, they still add an elegant touch to your community betta tank.

7. Guppies

Minimum tank size: 10 gallons

When considering guppies as tank mates, opt for feeder guppies instead of fancy guppies, which may attract the attention of male bettas due to their long fins. Guppies are docile, resilient, and can live individually or in groups. Be cautious about breeding if you prefer not to have baby guppies in your tank.

8. Clown Pleco

Minimum tank size: 20 gallons

Clown plecos, known for their algae-eating habits, are compatible with bettas. They are beautiful, easy to care for, and have tough skin to protect against betta nibbling. Ensure you select a smaller species of pleco, like the clown pleco or bristlenose pleco, to suit your tank’s size.

9. Kuhli Loaches

Minimum tank size: 20 gallons

Kuhli loaches, with over 200 species, are intriguing bottom-dwelling fish that can coexist with bettas. They reach a maximum length of around 4-5 inches and are known for their eel-like appearance. These fascinating fish enjoy burrowing in sandy substrates and have a preference for brine shrimp as part of their diet.

Tank Mates to Avoid

While bettas can peacefully coexist with the right companions, some fish and aquatic animals should be avoided due to potential aggression and compatibility issues. Tank mates to steer clear of include:

• Other male bettas
• Tiger barbs
• Cichlids
• Goldfish
• Gouramis
• Puffers
• Red tail sharks
• Angelfish

Understanding Betta Fish Aggression

Betta fish have a natural territorial instinct, especially among males. This aggression can be traced back to their native habitats in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, where they had ample space to flee and hide from rivals. In some regions, betta fighting became a sport, leading to selective breeding for increased aggression. This genetic tendency may still persist in bettas today, making it essential to avoid housing male bettas together.

Female bettas, on the other hand, are more amenable to community tank life. They can even be kept in groups called sororities, with five or more female bettas coexisting peacefully in a tank of 10 gallons or more. The aggression in female bettas tends to disperse in such setups.

Introducing Your Betta Fish to a Community

When introducing bettas to other fish in a community tank, take several precautions to ensure a smooth transition:

• Ensure all fish are free of disease and parasites.
• Clean the community tank thoroughly.
• Check and maintain optimal water conditions.
• Maintain water temperature at 78-80 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Acclimate new fish to the tank’s temperature by floating them in a plastic cup or bag.
• Release your betta and observe interactions with other fish.
• Provide hiding spots for stressed fish and ensure the tank size accommodates all inhabitants.

If conflicts or stress become evident, it’s better to house your betta separately or choose more compatible tank mates.

Do Bettas Need Tank Mates?

In conclusion, bettas do not require tank mates to thrive. They can lead contented lives in solitary confinement. While betta fish can survive in tanks smaller than five gallons, it’s advisable to provide a larger tank for a healthier and more enriching environment. Enhance your betta’s habitat with plants, accessories, and thoughtful care to ensure they lead fulfilling lives.

By making informed choices about tank mates and providing optimal living conditions, you can create a harmonious and visually stunning aquarium that both you and your betta will enjoy. Choose the perfect companions for your betta fish and watch as they coexist in a captivating underwater world.

Maintaining a clean and healthy environment for your freshwater fish is crucial for their well-being. A pristine tank not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also ensures that your aquatic companions live a long and happy life. In this Comprehensive Guide, we’ll walk you through step-by-step instructions on how to clean your freshwater fish tank effectively and safely.

Supplies for Cleaning Your Freshwater Fish Tank

Before we dive into the cleaning process, let’s ensure you have all the necessary supplies on hand. Here’s a checklist to get you started:

• Algae Scrubber, Scraper, or Blade: Choose a tool suitable for your tank’s material (glass or acrylic). We recommend API’s Extra Long Algae Scraper for Acrylic Aquariums.
• Water Siphon Tube and/or Gravel Vacuum: The Aquion Siphon Vacuum is an excellent choice.
• Bucket for Water Collection: Designate a bucket solely for aquarium water.
• Water Conditioner: Ensure the water you add back to the tank is free from harmful chlorine and chloramines.
• Plain White Vinegar: An essential for safe cleaning.
• New Filter Media: Depending on your filter type, you might need to replace filter media.
• Old Bath Towels and/or Paper Towels: For cleaning and drying purposes.
• Old Toothbrush (Optional): Handy for stubborn spots.
• Water Test Kit (Optional): Useful for monitoring water parameters.
• Oversized T-shirt or Clothes You Don’t Mind Getting Dirty: Protect your clothing during the cleaning process.

Now that you’re well-equipped, let’s proceed with the step-by-step cleaning instructions.

How to Clean a Freshwater Fish Tank: Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Prepare to Clean

• Put on your oversized T-shirt to avoid contamination.
• Gather all your supplies in one accessible place.
• Wash your hands and forearms thoroughly to prevent introducing harmful substances into the tank.

2. Turn Off Your Filter and Unplug Your Heater

• Switch off the filter to prevent debris from being circulated.
• Unplug the heater to avoid damaging it when exposed to air.

3. Clean the Inside Walls

• Begin by cleaning the inside walls of the aquarium.
• Choose an appropriate tool for your tank’s material (scrubber pads for glass, plastic attachments for acrylic).
• An algae pad like Lifeguard’s Aquarium Algae Pad is a good starting point.
• For stubborn algae, use a scraper designed for your tank type.

4. Clean the Décor

• Remove artificial plants, decorations, and rocks with significant algae growth.
• Scrub them off using your algae scrubber and warm water.
• Avoid using soaps or detergents, as they can be lethal to aquatic life.
• If necessary, use a bleach solution (1 part bleach, 9 parts water) for 15 minutes, followed by a thorough rinse.

5. Clean the Aquarium Gravel

• Use a gravel vacuum to remove accumulated detritus.
• Submerge the siphon in the water to create suction, pulling water into your bucket.
• Continue until the siphoned water is clear.

6. Clean the Tank Filter

• Squeeze out and rinse the filter pad or sponge in tank water to preserve beneficial bacteria.
• If required, replace the filter media per the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Rinse the filter tubing and other parts that contact water.

7. Add New Water

• Replace the siphoned water with treated water.
• Ensure the new water is close in temperature to the tank water.
• Use a water conditioner to remove harmful chemicals.
• Add the treated water slowly to avoid shocking your fish.

8. Clean the Outer Walls

• Use plain white vinegar on a paper towel to clean the outer walls.
• Avoid household glass cleaners containing harmful chemicals.
• Use a dry paper towel or bath towel to buff the aquarium to a streak-free shine.

The Importance of a Clean Freshwater Fish Tank

Maintaining a clean tank is not just about aesthetics; it’s crucial for the health of your fish. Excess nitrate, nitrite, and decaying matter can lead to algae blooms and stressed fish. Stressed fish are more susceptible to disease, resulting in illness and reduced lifespans.

Regular tank cleaning is essential because water quality issues may not always be visually apparent. By staying ahead of maintenance, you provide an ideal habitat for your aquatic friends.

How Often Should I Clean My Freshwater Fish Tank?

Most tanks require a full cleaning once a month, with 15-25% water changes every other week. However, this guideline can vary based on your tank’s conditions and fish stocking density.

Experts recommend no more than one fish per gallon of water, with adjustments for larger fish or substantial tank decor.

Introduction:

Have you ever wondered why fish can change their colors? It’s a phenomenon that has intrigued scientists and fascinated aquarium enthusiasts for years. Fish are known for their incredible ability to shift hues and patterns, seemingly at will. But what drives these stunning transformations? In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating world of fish coloration and delve into the science behind why fish change color.

Understanding the Basics of Fish Coloration:

Before we dive into the reasons behind color changes in fish, let’s first understand the basics of fish coloration. Fish display a wide array of colors and patterns, which serve various purposes, such as camouflage, communication, and protection. The coloration of a fish is primarily determined by pigments in their skin cells and the scattering of light.

Now, let’s explore the key factors that can cause fish to change their coloration:

• Camouflage:
  One of the most common reasons fish change color is for camouflage. Fish need to blend in with their surroundings to evade predators or ambush prey. Many species possess specialized cells called chromatophores that contain pigments and expand or contract to alter the fish’s coloration, allowing them to match their environment. For example, chameleons and cuttlefish are renowned for their camouflage abilities.
• Mood and Emotion:
  Believe it or not, fish can experience emotions and moods to some extent. Changes in coloration can signal various emotional states or readiness to mate. Bright, vibrant colors might signify dominance or courtship, while dull or faded colors can indicate submission or fear.
• Communication:
  Fish use color changes to communicate with other members of their species. This form of communication can convey a range of messages, from territorial disputes to warnings of danger. The ability to rapidly alter colors helps fish convey these messages effectively.
• Environmental Adaptations:
  Fish may also change color in response to changes in their environment, such as alterations in water temperature, light levels, or water quality. These color changes can help fish regulate their body temperature or protect themselves from harmful UV radiation.
• Defense Mechanisms:
  Some fish have evolved the ability to change color as a defense mechanism. When threatened by a predator, they may quickly switch to a startling or intimidating color pattern to deter attackers. The aim is to confuse or intimidate predators and create an opportunity to escape.
• Species-Specific Traits:
  Different fish species exhibit varying degrees of color-changing abilities. For instance, the iconic clownfish typically do not change color, while the cuttlefish is a master of disguise, capable of rapidly altering its appearance to match its surroundings.

Conclusion:

In the world of fish, coloration serves as a versatile tool with multiple purposes, including camouflage, communication, emotion expression, and environmental adaptation. While not all fish possess the ability to change color, those that do have evolved this remarkable trait as a survival strategy. Understanding why fish change color sheds light on the intricate and adaptive nature of these aquatic creatures. So, the next time you’re marveling at a brilliantly colored fish in an aquarium or observing a chameleon-like transformation in the wild, you’ll have a deeper appreciation for the science behind this mesmerizing phenomenon.

In the realm of aquatic life, the well-being of your beloved pet fish is paramount. Just as in the human world, stress can take a toll on our finned friends beneath the water’s surface. The consequences of fish stress are profound, affecting not only their appearance but also their overall health. We delve into the world of fish stress, its causes, symptoms, and most importantly, how you can mitigate it through impeccable fish care.

What Is Fish Stress?

Certified Aquatic Veterinarian and a distinguished fellow at the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association, Stafford, England, provides a succinct definition of fish stress. He states, “Stress is a term we use in vet medicine to describe any condition in the environment that causes the release of cortisol and adrenaline in the body. These substances are associated with the ‘flight or fight’ reaction and help the animal cope with the stressor.”

When stress becomes a constant companion, such as in cases of poor water quality or relentless harassment from aggressive tankmates, the fish’s immune system can become compromised. This unfortunate scenario often results in fish falling prey to diseases such as parasites, bacterial infections, and fungi.

Common Causes of Fish Stress

Understanding the triggers of fish stress is essential for ensuring the well-being of your aquatic companions. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Elevated Ammonia and Nitrate Levels

Frequent water changes are essential to maintaining pristine water quality. Neglecting this crucial aspect can lead to elevated ammonia and nitrate levels, which are particularly harmful to goldfish.

2. pH Fluctuations

Exhaustion of mineral buffers can lead to pH fluctuations, a stressor especially detrimental to Betta fish.

3. Water Temperature Fluctuations

Sudden shifts in water temperature can wreak havoc in your aquarium and are known to be a primary cause of stress in Betta fish.

4. Lack of Hiding Places

Fish require safe spaces to retreat and destress. The absence of hiding places can exacerbate their anxiety.

5. Aggressive Tankmates

The presence of aggressive fish in the same tank can lead to perpetual stress among the other inhabitants.

6. Overstocking

Overcrowding an aquarium is a recipe for poor water quality and decreased oxygen levels, a surefire way to stress your fish.

7. Improper Introduction of New Fish

Adding new fish without proper acclimatization can lead to stress for both new and existing tank inhabitants.

8. Inadequate Tank Size

Cramped quarters can cause chronic stress among your aquatic companions.

9. Poor Nutrition and Feeding Routine

Inconsistent feeding habits or inadequate nutrition can contribute to stress and health issues in your fish.

Recognizing Stressed Fish: Symptoms

To combat fish stress effectively, it’s crucial to be vigilant and spot early signs. Watch for changes in your fish’s behavior and appearance, such as:

• Hiding for Extended Periods: Fish retreating and staying hidden for long durations.
• Erratic Swimming Patterns: Flitting or darting around the tank and crashing into tank objects.
• Gasping for Air: Fish appearing at the water’s surface, gasping for air (a sign of low oxygen levels).
• Scraping Behavior: Fish rubbing against rocks or gravel.
• Loss of Appetite: A sudden decrease in feeding interest.

Additionally, stress can manifest in physical changes, including faded coloration, red streaks in fins, white spots (a potential sign of Ich), or visible ailments and sores. If any of these symptoms emerge, it’s crucial to consult a veterinarian specializing in aquatic health.

Strategies to Reduce Fish Stress

Ensuring a harmonious and stress-free environment for your fish is pivotal. Here are some strategies to help you achieve just that:

1. Regular Water Changes

Frequent water changes are a cornerstone of fish care. They maintain low levels of nitrate and ammonia, key stressors for fish. Consider using water conditioners formulated to reduce fish stress and remove toxins, such as API Stress Coat Aquarium Water Conditioner or API Stress Zyme Aquarium Water Conditioner.

2. Temperature Consistency

Monitor water temperature consistently to prevent sudden fluctuations, a significant stress inducer.

3. Quality Filtration

Invest in a reliable filtration system like the Fluval Underwater Filter, which not only captures debris but also aids in proper oxygenation.

4. Provide Hiding Places

Ensure your aquarium boasts suitable hiding places like the Marina Mangrove Root Aquarium Decor. However, avoid overcrowding, as it can hinder oxygen flow.

5. Thoughtful Tankmates

Before introducing new fish to your community, ensure they are compatible with your existing residents to avoid stress from harassment or aggression.

6. Proper Introduction of New Fish

When adding new fish, acclimate them slowly to the tank’s conditions. This helps both new and current residents adjust and reduces stress.

7. Adequate Space

Follow the general rule: one inch of fish length requires one gallon of water to provide sufficient swimming space.

8. Consistent Feeding

Maintain a regular feeding routine and ensure your fish receive proper nutrition.

By fostering a healthy, stable aquarium environment and keenly observing your fish for any behavioral or physical changes, you can mitigate the risks of fish stress and maintain a serene, thriving aquatic community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, fish stress is a real concern, but with the right care and attention to their environment, you can ensure your fish live healthy, stress-free lives. Prioritizing their well-being is not just a responsibility but also a rewarding experience for any aquarium enthusiast.

Beginning

When we think of fish, we envision graceful creatures gliding through water with unparalleled finesse. However, there exists an intriguing phenomenon in the aquatic realm that often leaves us in awe – fish leaping out of water. This behavior, seemingly contrary to their aquatic nature, raises questions about the motives behind these aquatic acrobatics.

In this comprehensive exploration, we delve deep into the world of fish and uncover the multifaceted reasons behind their remarkable ability to breach the surface.

1. Predation and Defense Mechanism

The Thrilling Escape

One of the most captivating reasons for fish taking flight from their watery domain is the pursuit of survival. Fish are both the hunters and the hunted in the aquatic ecosystem, and jumping serves as a powerful defense mechanism.

Predatory game fish like marlin and largemouth bass are renowned for their spectacular leaps. When hooked, these formidable fish launch themselves clear out of the water and engage in a vigorous head-shaking frenzy. This dramatic display is an attempt to dislodge the fishhook that threatens to imprison them. By doing so, they buy precious moments to escape the clutches of their pursuer.

2. Reaction to Environmental Factors

The Unusual Show by Asian Carp

In certain cases, fish exhibit astonishing aerial acrobatics in response to environmental factors. A prime example of this phenomenon is the invasive Asian carp. These fish have gained notoriety for their tendency to leap into the air when motor-powered boats traverse the waters they inhabit. While the exact motivation behind this behavior remains enigmatic, there is speculation that the cacophony created by the boat’s outboard motor may trigger this extraordinary reaction.

3. Feeding Strategies and Habitat

Aquarium Fish’s Aerial Antics

Within the confines of aquariums, some fish display their leaping prowess for entirely different reasons. Take the marbled hatchetfish, for instance. These agile jumpers will readily leap out of tanks if not securely covered. They do so to dislodge insects that may have alighted on low-hanging leaves or branches above the water’s surface. The moment the insect falls into the water, it becomes a delectable meal for the hatchetfish.

Another fascinating example is the African butterflyfish. This surface-dwelling species possesses the remarkable ability to leap out of the water to capture prey or evade lurking predators. Its exceptional vision enables it to perceive both the world above and below the water’s surface, making it a formidable and adaptable hunter.

4. Environmental Stress and Water Quality

The Impact of Water Conditions

Fish, like all living organisms, are profoundly affected by their environment. Poor water quality, improperly cycled aquariums, excessive ammonia concentrations, and imbalanced pH levels can all induce fish to make daring leaps. Fish rely on oxygen dissolved in water for respiration, and when water quality deteriorates, the oxygen levels plummet. In such distressing situations, fish may attempt to breach the surface in search of life-sustaining air.

Additionally, inadequate fish tank accessories and hiding spots can contribute to these escape attempts. Species such as comet goldfish, killifish, and firefish are known for their propensity to leap, either out of instinct or as a response to suboptimal conditions.

5. Preventing Leaps and Ensuring Safety

Creating a Secure Environment

If you’re a fish enthusiast, particularly one who keeps jump-prone species like the hatchetfish or African butterflyfish, it’s essential to take preventative measures. To minimize their leaping tendencies, consider adding floating plants and decorations that hinder their ability to gather the momentum needed to leap. Equally important is the installation of a secure lid to keep your aquarium residents safely contained.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the world of fish is filled with astonishing behaviors and adaptations. The act of fish leaping out of water, while enigmatic at times, serves various purposes, from survival to hunting and responding to environmental conditions. Understanding these behaviors not only enriches our appreciation of these aquatic wonders but also enables us to provide them with the best possible care in captivity. So, next time you witness a fish gracefully breaching the surface, you’ll be armed with a deeper understanding of the intriguing world beneath the waves.